David Given Schwarm

1. There is no other way to get the information.

2. No one is put at risk, including the risk of social scorn.

3. The knowledge sought is important enough to justify deception.

I am not sure that there is any case where deception will not undermine the research framework to such an extent that it will ever be useful. If I know that someone has lied in the past, then I can only assume that they will lie again. And I am not applying universal lays to specific cases, the belief that deceptive systems will continue to deceive is the only logical conclusion.